B DesignStudio Idea Lab provides you with useful ideas to make life at home easier and let you save on your bills. Our blog also provides some ideas that are on research stage that will soon impact our world and your personal space! We will share what we hear around us and hope you be inspired.
Thursday, April 5, 2012
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: High Power Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: High Power Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: EnerDel/Argonne Advanced High-Power Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles The EnerDel Lithium-Ion Battery ...
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: Energy Power shift to ELECTRON ECONOMY: Jumpstart ...
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: Energy Power shift to ELECTRON ECONOMY: Jumpstart ...: ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE for the Earth It seems like every day there is a new announcement in the news about automo...
Wednesday, April 4, 2012
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: WESTPOINT HARBOR MASTER
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: WESTPOINT HARBOR MASTER: HARBORMASTER The Westpoint Harbor Project plan consists of a 408-berth marina and attendant boatyard and marine services. Also includ...
Friday, March 30, 2012
SMART GRID: MAKING OUR SMART PLANET CLEANER
Smart Grid Research:
Making the City Green + Smarter
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| Argonne engineer Ted Bohn holds a mock-up of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) connection standard called J-1772. This connector will facilitate both charging and communication. |
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| Argonne transportation researchers created this interactive model to demonstrate how the smart grid interacts with different types of customers. |
The smart grid is a key element of President Obama’s plan to lower energy costs for consumers, achieve energy independence and reduce greenhouse gases.
And with the president Obama's goal to have one million PHEVs on the road by 2015, a smarter grid also becomes increasingly important for managing the added electricity demand created by these next-generation vehicles.
Ted Bohn, a principal engineer at Argonne, sits on an international committee working to develop the Society of Automotive Engineers’ (SAE) new connection standard called J-1772. The group is defining this standard, so manufacturers can build compatible connectors and vehicle sockets that will support both charging and two-way communication.
“Communication is what allows a charger to be a smart charger,” Bohn said. “It’s not simply a plug-in and turn-on charger like a cell phone charger. The smart charger allows you to charge your vehicle at a rate that is bargained between the consumer and the grid.”
Interactive Grid Model
To illustrate how this process works, Bohn and his colleagues at Argonne created an interactive smart grid model for demonstration purposes. In May, Bohn presented Argonne’s smart grid model to international audiences at the EVS 24 Conference in Stavanger, Norway and Test Site Sweden’s Tech Transfer Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden.
The model shows how different types of consumers could interact with the smart grid. For example, a frugal customer may wait until off-peak hours to charge a PHEV because it is cheaper, while an environmentally-conscious customer may pay more to get their electricity from wind power instead of coal.
In addition to helping people save money and help the environment, the smart grid is also a big help to electricity providers.
By giving
utilities real-time information about where power is needed and what
energy sources are available, they can route power more efficiently
without overloading the grid.
Argonne's Pilot Electric Vehicle Charging Project
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| Solar array and charging station. |
Project Components
Solar energy will come from 3.8 kW Sunpower panels with a DC/AC inverter and a tracking array mount that allows the mounted panels to tilt toward the sun, guaranteeing an optimal angle for power generation. The solar array features a monitor to track how much electricity is being generated by sunlight. A 60-foot free standing Skystream 3.7 wind turbine will supply wind power.
The deployment of charging stations will begin with 20 parking spots strategically located around the lab's 1,500-acre campus. The eventual goal is to have enough charging stations to accommodate 5 percent of Argonne employees, which equates to 160 parking spaces. The installation of the charging stations, solar array and wind turbine will be completed sometime in 2011.
As a member of the Grid Interaction Tech Team, Ted Bohn, principal electrical engineer in Argonne’s Transportation Technology Research & Development Center (TTRDC), is excited about the prospect of having a small-scale, functioning EV charging infrastructure on site.
“As a laboratory focused on energy R&D, this is the right thing to do,” Bohn said. “But it’s also a great research tool for us as we pursue the development and validation of smart charging and smart grid technologies. We can use this on-site charging infrastructure for data collection and for field tests on our new prototype technologies such as software-defined radios and compact metrology units.”
Anticipated Research
Not only will the program offer a means for recharging both employee-owned and laboratory fleet EVs and plug-in hybrids, it will also give transportation researchers a real-world test bed to gather data and validate smart charging technologies.
“There is good synergy between Argonne’s EV Charging Pilot Program and our ongoing smart-charging and smart grid technology development projects,” said Bohn.
Smart Grid Projects
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| The SAE J-1772 plug-in vehicle connector facilitates both charging and communication. |
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| A prototype of Argonne's compact metrology system |
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| Field programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies to develop improved software-defined radios for the smart grid |
Codes and Standards Development
Argonne researchers are helping create codes and standards that will enable widespread adoption of electric-drive transportation with smart grid interoperability. For example, the Society of Automotive Engineers' (SAE) J1772 connection standard will enable manufacturers to build compatible connector plugs and vehicle sockets that support both charging and two-way communication with utility companies. Another standard, SAE J2847, will specify the communications systems between electric vehicles and utility companies. Engineers are also actively pursuing the development of standards related to plug-in vehicles and methods to test them.Smart Grid Metrology
Smart grid metrology systems are end-use measurement devices (EUMD) that measure and communicate energy usage information to ensure accurate consumption readings and fair billing.Argonne researchers have made a major breakthrough with the development of a compact metrology system that is a fraction of the size and cost of existing systems. The groundbreaking technology is garnering international attention due its low price of less than $30 per unit and its compact size (smaller than a business card). This technology would also be an alternative to installing a secondary charging meter specifically for charging an electric vehicle.
Software-Defined Radio
This wireless technology, which allows one radio to use different frequencies depending on needs at the time, will provide more bandwidth for electric utilities to communicate with consumer vehicles.Argonne researchers have developed a software-defined radio technology in a low-cost field programmable gate array (FPGA) device that would enable electric vehicle-to-grid interoperability for a wide variety of infrastructure resources. This promising technology offers a less expensive and more efficient option for smart grid communications.
Monday, March 19, 2012
Research Science Game Changer: UNMANNED CARRIER DRONE: X 47
The X-47B, unmanned carrier drone, took its first recorded flight in September (video below) and the Navy just announced it's adding refueling capabilities to the aircraft by 2014.
David Ax, at Wired, reports the move will allow the X-47B to remain in flight well beyond 3,000 nautical miles — 10 times the ability of a traditional manned fighter.
This will also put U.S. aircraft carriers outside the reach of, say, China's 'carrier-killing' ballistic missiles and submarines.
Getting rid of the fighter pilot is a huge boost to efficiency and the Navy will begin carrier trials on the USS George Washington in 2013.
The X-47B's manufacturer, Northrop Grumman also received contracts to modify long-range Global Hawks to serve as refueling tankers. When those aircraft come online, the entire process will be conducted with no pilot at all
The X-47, which the Navy wants by 2018, has been in development for nearly a decade by Northrop Grumman, builder of the Air Force’s long-range Global Hawk spy drone. After a series of test flights from land bases — including its first wheels-up cruise, depicted above — in 2013 the X-47B will head out to the aircraft carrier USS George Washington for additional trials, launching and landing from the carrier’s crowded, 1,100-foot flight deck.
The aerial refueling tests will follow the carrier trials. The X-47B will be fitted with both Navy-style refueling gear — a probe the refueling plane uses to “plug” into a basket suspended from the tanker — and the receptacle refueling equipment favored by the Air Force, which requires that the tanker plug its own probe into the receiving plane. Dual systems will allow the X-47B to sip gas from the Navy’s carrier-based F/A-18 tankers or the Air Force’s much larger KC-135s and KC-10s.
In late 2007, according to company insiders, U.S. military officials ordered Boeing to destroy an earlier version of the Phantom Ray, the X-45C. Exactly why the feds wanted the robotic aircraft dismantled has never been fully explained.
Boeing had just lost out to rival aerospace firm Northrop Grumman in a contest to develop a so-called “Unmanned Combat Air System” for the Navy, capable of taking off from, and landing on, aircraft carriers. That contest, known by its acronym N-UCAS — “N” for “Navy” — was actually the third time in five years
Boeing had gone toe-to-toe with Northrop over a government contract to build killer drones, and the second time it had lost.
UAVs perform a wide variety of functions. The majority of these functions are some form of remote sensing; this is central to the reconnaissance role most UAVs fulfill. Less common UAV functions include interaction and transport.
Remote sensing
UAV remote sensing functions include electromagnetic spectrum sensors, gamma ray sensors, biological sensors, and chemical sensors. A UAV's electromagnetic sensors typically include visual spectrum, infrared, or near infrared cameras as well as radar systems. Other electromagnetic wave detectors such as microwave and ultraviolet spectrum sensors may also be used, but are uncommon.
Biological sensors are sensors capable of detecting the airborne presence of various microorganisms and other biological factors. Chemical sensors use laser spectroscopy to analyze the concentrations of each element in the air.
Commercial aerial surveillance
Aerial surveillance of large areas is made possible with low cost UAV systems. Surveillance applications include: livestock monitoring, wildfire mapping, pipeline security, home security, road patrol and anti-piracy. The trend for use of UAV technology in commercial aerial surveillance is expanding rapidly.Oil, gas and mineral exploration and production
Video shows accuracy in accomplishing GIS supported target with expert and well trained professionals.
Transport
UAVs can transport goods using various means based on the configuration of the UAV itself. Most payloads are stored in an internal payload bay somewhere in the airframe. For many helicopter configurations, external payloads can be tethered to the bottom of the airframe. With fixed wing UAVs, payloads can also be attached to the airframe, but aerodynamics of the aircraft with the payload must be assessed. For such situations, payloads are often enclosed in aerodynamic pods for transport.
Scientific research
Beyond the standard barometric pressure and temperature data typically culled from manned hurricane hunters, the Aerosonde system provides measurements far closer to the water’s surface than previously captured.
Further applications for unmanned aircraft can be explored once solutions have been developed for their accommodation within national airspace, an issue currently under discussion by the Federal Aviation Administration. UAVSI, the UK manufacturer also produce a variant of their Vigilant light UAS (20 kg)
designed specifically for scientific research in severe climates such as the Antarctic.
UAvs, UUV are potentially useful for GIS supported town research or city wide surveillance for crime watch at night navigation, much like a watch dog capable of aerial or undersea camera sniping.
UAV undersea exploration, agricultural, aquatic science applications could be explored as it UAV sensors and camera become cheaper and commercially accessible.
Saturday, March 17, 2012
Autonomie: Vehicle Model-based Design Tool @ APRF
Since 1999, Argonne National Laboratory has been developing a vehicle simulation tool to assess the fuel consumption and performance of advanced vehicles. The software, Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT), has become widely accepted by industry and has been licensed to more than 130 companies, universities, and research laboratories worldwide with more than 750 users. PSAT has been used to support many research expertise related to advanced vehicles. However, the increased complexity and diversity of the technologies led to a partnership, initiated by General Motors in 2007, to develop the next generation of automotive simulation tools. In the past three years, Argonne has developed a new tool, called
Autonomie, to accelerate the development and introduction of advanced technologies through plug-and-play architecture.
Autonomie is a Plug-and-Play Powertrain and Vehicle Model Architecture and Development Environment to support the rapid evaluation of new powertrain/propulsion technologies for improving fuel economy through virtual design and analysis in a math-based simulation environment.
Autonomie is an open architecture to support the rapid integration and analysis of powertrain/propulsion systems and technologies for rapid technology sorting and evaluation of fuel economy improvement under dynamic/transient testing conditions. The capability to sort technologies rapidly in a virtual design environment results in faster improvements in real-world fuel consumption by reducing the time necessary to develop and bring new technologies onto our roads.
Autonomie has been designed to be used as a single tool throughout the different phases of model-based design of the Vehicle Development Process (VDP). Model Based Design is a math-based visual method for designing complex control systems and is being used successfully in many motion control, industrial, aerospace, and automotive applications. It provides an efficient methodology that includes four key elements in the development process: modeling a plant (from first principles or system identification), synthesizing and analyzing a controller for the plant, simulating the plant and controller together, and programming/deploying the controller. Model Based Design integrates all these multiple phases and provides a common framework for communication throughout the entire design process.
Advanced Powertrain Research Facility (APRF)
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| Researcher Forrest Jehlik watches over dynamometer testing. |
APRF engineers use the facility’s two-wheel drive (2WD) and four-wheel drive (4WD) dynamometers and state-of-the-art instrumentation to reveal important information on performance, fuel economy, energy consumption and emissions output.
The APRF is capable of testing conventional, hybrid and advanced electrical propulsion systems using a variety of standard and renewable fuels in a precise laboratory environment.
Results
Working with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the automotive industry, Argonne’s vehicle research helps provide solutions to significantly improve vehicle fuel efficiency and emissions. Vehicle data obtained in the APRF is used to:- Support the DOE in evaluating current and future technologies and developing transportation goals and policy for petroleum displacement
- Aid in the development and optimization of advanced technologies to expand commercial applications
- Demonstrate alternative fuel benefits and promote energy diversity
- Provide unbiased research results for many stakeholders
Features
The APRF's features include:- Four-wheel drive (4WD) chassis dynamometer facility for road load simulation, monitoring of tractive effort, coastdown and calibration for vehicles up to 14,000 pounds
- Two-wheel drive (2WD) chassis dynamometer facility for road load simulation, monitoring tractive effort, coastdown and calibration for 2WD vehicles up to 12,000 pounds
- MATT (Modular Automotive Technology Testbed) that allows researchers to easily add, rearrange, and interconnect various vehicle components
- Ability to run a wide range of fuels including gasoline, diesel, renewable fuels, hydrogen (both fuel cells and internal combustion) and natural gas
- Ability to measure the particulate and criteria emissions of Super
Ultra-low Emissions Vehicles (SULEV) for gasoline, diesel, renewable
fuels and hydrogen
- Flexible, in-house data acquisition systems to evaluate conventional, hybrid, hydrogen and electric vehicles
Equipment
The APRF's state-of-the-art equipment includes:- SULEV-certified emissions benches
- Particulate measurement system
- Fast flame ionization detection
- Fast NOx measurement system
- Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer
- High power tester
- Mobile emissions benches
- In-house developed mobile CAN data logger
- Safety system capable of detecting all hazardous gases, heat and smoke
- Air handling system that cleans and conditions test air within Environmental Protection Agency certification limits
Modular Automotive Technology Testbed (MATT)
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| Argonne automotive engineers Thomas Wallner (left) and Henning Lohse-Busch put an engine through its paces on Argonne's Modular Automotive Technology Testbed (MATT). |
“One of the major advantages of MATT is that it allows us to separately test and benchmark individual components as they work in a system,” said Argonne engineer Henning Lohse-Busch.
MATT has been compared to an automotive Erector Set because of its modular approach which enables the benchmarking of different engines, transmissions and other core powertrain components.
With this flexibility, Argonne automotive engineers can evaluate specific parts in a full vehicle instead of building an entire prototype vehicle, which can cost considerable time and money to build. MATT’s test results help researchers understand which combination of components will result in a vehicle that best meets efficiency, emissions, and performance targets.
The test platform looks like a vehicle stripped down to its bare essentials. Its base is a frame with wheels, but the testbed is outfitted with the different component modules which make up the vehicle powertrain. The scalable, virtual hybrid module enables MATT to operate as a conventional vehicle, a hybrid or even a pure electric vehicle with a virtually infinitely large battery pack while using the exact same hardware.
When used with Argonne’s Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT and PSAT-PRO) along with component hardware-in-the loop (HIL) principals, MATT allows researchers to:
- Add, rearrange and interconnect a variety of systems and components
- Emulate a different vehicle behaviors (conventional, hybrid and electric vehicle)
- Have complete flexibility of implementing any energy management and torque split strategies
- Measure physical energy consumption and emissions data over drive cycles
- Equip selected systems and components with instrumentation
Research
Monday, March 12, 2012
RECYCLING: ELECTRIC VEHICLES BATTERIES
But with this expanding market for automotive lithium-ion batteries, some questions emerge:
- Will there be enough lithium to meet the added demand?
- What will happen to these car batteries when they reach the end of their useful life?
to lithium-ion batteries.
"It's important to consider potential material supply constraints before moving ahead with an ambitious program of development for any new technology," said Linda Gaines, Argonne transportation systems analyst.
EUROPE AND US has invested on developing new standards for EV and batteries including issues on environment like recycling batteries and non-metal parts of EV cars. Videos shows recycling opportunities from oil spills, etc.
Recycling Processes
As part of the Argonne research effort, Gaines and her colleagues are analyzing the available battery recycling processes and how they compare in terms of materials recovery, energy efficiency and emissions production.
To gain insights into existing battery recycling operations, Gaines has visited and researched facilities in the U.S., Canada and Europe. She found a wide variety of recycling practices, with most facilities concentrating on the recovery of valuable metals like cobalt and nickel.
At one extreme, there are smelting processes that recover basic elements or salts. Smelting takes place at high temperature, and organics are burned as fuel or reductant. Valuable metals are recovered and sent to refining so that the product is suitable for any use. Other materials, including lithium, are contained in the slag, which is used as an additive in concrete. Smelting facilities are operational now on a large scale and can take just about any input.
At the other extreme, battery-grade materials can be recovered directly. This type of process requires the battery feed to be as uniform as possible because impurities jeopardize product quality. A variety of physical and chemical processes separate the components, and all active materials and metals can be recovered. Some components may need to be purified or reactivated to make them suitable for reuse in new batteries. Only the separator is unlikely to be usable. This low-temperature process requires minimal energy.
"The recovery of battery-grade materials would help avoid the energy requirements and emissions from production of raw materials," Gaines said. "Recovered materials would also be less expensive than virgin materials, but we need to make sure the quality is good enough."
Recovering Lithium
Recovering lithium from battery recycling is currently not a common practice. This is because lithium is relatively cheap and most batteries contain only small amounts of lithium, presenting little economic need or incentive for such a process.
"Right now it hardly pays to recycle lithium," Gaines said. "That could change as demand increases and larger supplies of materials are used."
In a first step toward building a domestic infrastructure for lithium battery recycling, the U.S. Department of Energy awarded a $9.5 million grant to Toxco in 2009 to build and operate an advanced lithium battery recycling facility at its existing site in Lancaster, Ohio. The plant was previously dedicated to recovering materials from lead acid and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Toxco also operates the only lithium battery recycling plant in North America in Trail, British Columbia.
Gaines and her fellow researchers are conducting further studies to identify the greenest, most economical recycling processes. Research includes investigating recycling practices to determine how much of which materials could be recovered with current or improved methods, and quantifying the environmental impacts of both battery production and recycling processes through life cycle analyses. The Argonne research team is also considering the possibility of reusing old batteries for utility storage before recycling.
Thus far, research has shown that recycling lithium-ion batteries would reduce environmental burdens and extend material supplies. However, achieving the aim of recycling is not without difficulties, Gaines said. Recycling processes have their own costs and impacts, and recovered materials may have such low value that recycling does not pay. This reality leads to questions such as:
- Will battery manufacturers be willing to purchase recovered materials?
- Will materials from today's batteries be compatible with materials in use 10 or 15 years from now?
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Wednesday, March 7, 2012
Global Eye: Hydrogen Powered UAV
Hydrogen powered UAV
Ultimately, the Global observer will be powered by a liquid-hydrogen-fueled propulsion system. AeroVironment had explored the use of solar power for the aircraft , but determined that liquid hydrogen propulsion was the best solution for a high-altitude, long-endurance UAV. Solar power today is not sufficient to support continuous operation beyond the tropics during winter.
AeroVironment
The Global Observer has a 175-foot wingspan and weighs less than
10,000 pounds. It has a modular composite airframe, which enables it be
transported by a cargo aircraft, and an internal-combustion engine
modified to burn hydrogen that drives a generator to produce electricity
to power the UAV’s four propellers. Hydrogen was chosen because it has
three times the energy of conventional fuel. When in operation, the aircraft produces no carbon emissions.
The chemical reaction that takes place between the water and the fuel pellets produces hydrogen, which moves up into the fuel cell to produce electricity.
The power produced can be used immediately.
"Global Observer is being developed to address the need for an affordable, persistent platform that can provide seamless communications and ISR over any spot on the globe for as long as required,” Curtin said.
“Swapping orbits every 5 to 7 days, a two-air vehicle system would maintain uninterrupted coverage in a manner similar
to a geosynchronous satellite, but about 2,000 times closer to the earth's surface."
In the near future these hydrogen powered technologies and remote sensing surveilance UAV's will be our eye around our planet. It is my hope that they will be developed further for remote sensing capabilities on remote part of our planet, severe weather, agricultural, security and understanding our planet's survival.
Ultimately, the Global observer will be powered by a liquid-hydrogen-fueled propulsion system. AeroVironment had explored the use of solar power for the aircraft , but determined that liquid hydrogen propulsion was the best solution for a high-altitude, long-endurance UAV. Solar power today is not sufficient to support continuous operation beyond the tropics during winter.
The chemical reaction that takes place between the water and the fuel pellets produces hydrogen, which moves up into the fuel cell to produce electricity.
The power produced can be used immediately.
"Global Observer is being developed to address the need for an affordable, persistent platform that can provide seamless communications and ISR over any spot on the globe for as long as required,” Curtin said.
“Swapping orbits every 5 to 7 days, a two-air vehicle system would maintain uninterrupted coverage in a manner similar
to a geosynchronous satellite, but about 2,000 times closer to the earth's surface."
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: High Power Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: High Power Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: EnerDel/Argonne Advanced High-Power Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles The EnerDel Lithium-Ion Battery Th...
High Power Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
EnerDel/Argonne Advanced High-Power Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
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The EnerDel Lithium-Ion Battery
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The video below shows how batteries are made:
That cost reduction is expected to help make HEVs more competitive in the marketplace and enable consumers to receive an immediate payback in gas-cost savings rather than having to wait seven years for the savings to surpass the premium placed on HEVs.
Additionally, the EnerDel/Argonne battery does not use graphite as the anode material, which been the cause for concerns about the safety other Li-ion battery brands. Instead, Argonne developed an innovative, more stable new form of nano-phase lithium titanate (LTO) to replace the graphite. It also developed a new way of making nano-phased LTO that will allow for easier industrial processing, as well as provide a high packing density that can increase the battery's energy density and provide the power needed for vehicle acceleration and regenerative charging of HEVs.
The DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's (EERE) FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies program provides funding for Argonne battery research.
New Battery Facility Allows Argonne to Create Prototype Battery Cells
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| Argonne process engineer Bryant Polzin fills an 18650 lithium-ion battery cell with electrolyte using semi-automated equipment at Argonne's Cell Fabrication Facility. |
The climate-controlled fabrication facility allows Argonne scientists to manufacture, for their own use, both pouch cells and 18650 cells.Pouch cells are contained in flexible, heatsealable foils that allow them to be tailored to specific shapes and sizes; 18650 cells are contained in solid, cylindrical metal shells (18 mm in diameter, 65 mm in height). The new facility will also make battery electrodes.
Previously, Argonne researchers were only able to fabricate very small coin cells using laboratory glove boxes (sealed units that allow researchers to manipulate materials in a contained environment). When Argonne wanted to create larger prototypes for more detailed testing, the laboratory was forced to go to battery manufacturers for the production of pouch and 18650 cells. However, for the fabrication process to be worthwhile, manufacturers would require large quantities of the prototype cells to be produced, which was not costeffective or convenient for Argonne.
"Having [the capability to make prototypes] allows us to evaluate the novel battery chemistries we create in our R&D laboratories in a more practical and timely manner," said chemical engineer Andy Jansen. "If we like what we see, we will scale it up in the fabrication facility."
After fabrication, the prototype cells are then evaluated for performance, battery life and safety in Argonne's state-of-the-art battery testing facilities.
Unique U.S. Facility
Outfitted with pilot-scale production equipment and cutting-edge dry room technology, Argonne's Cell Fabrication Facility is one of a few of its kind in the country.
Because moisture is detrimental to batteries, the facility was constructed as a climate-controlled dry room. A controller constantly monitors the humidity of the room and guarantees a dew point (the temperature at which dew forms) below -42°C with up to six people working inside.
"Moisture can cause an electrolyte to become acidic, which can destroy the battery," Jansen said. "To ensure quality, fabrication needs to be done in a controlled environment like this."
Here's Tesla roadster video:
Argonne has now licensed its groundbreaking battery technology to five companies. In addition to GM and LG Chem, the following companies are working with the Argonne-developed cathode material:
- Envia – In January 2011, this California start-up signed a license with Argonne. The lab's cathode material will contribute complementary technology to Envia's development of industry-leading lithium-ion battery solutions. This deal builds on an existing Argonne-Envia collaboration that garnered an R&D 100 award from R&D Magazine in 2009 for the joint development of an innovative composite electrode material technology.
Tuesday, March 6, 2012
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: February 15, 2012 Excerpts from NSF Article:...
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: February 15, 2012
Excerpts from NSF Article:
...: February 15, 2012 Excerpts from NSF Article: Teaching children mathematics at a young age may be as simple as helping them see...
Excerpts from NSF Article:
...: February 15, 2012 Excerpts from NSF Article: Teaching children mathematics at a young age may be as simple as helping them see...
Thursday, February 16, 2012
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: NASA Laser-based communications Internet
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: NASA Laser-based communications Internet: Impatient internet users will soon be able to download high definition images from space in few minutes if a newly approved NASA trial prov...
Thursday, January 12, 2012
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: RAIL PROJECTS ACROSS THE GLOBE
B DesignStudio Idea Lab: RAIL PROJECTS ACROSS THE GLOBE: Since the dawn of the industrial age, railroads have been a vehicle for people, cargo and dreams of a better world. They remain...
RAIL PROJECTS ACROSS THE GLOBE
After decades of delays, Brazil’s ambitious railroad project to revitalize the infrastructure of its booming northeast region is on track. The 1,728-kilometer Transnordestina rail line, linking city of Eliseu Martins in the region’s interior to the ports of Pecém and Suape, is slated to begin operations late next year.
The $3.21 billion route is being built by Brazilian steelmaker Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, which holds a 30-year concession that gives it a 75% stake in the line. CSN has financed through regional development agency Fundo de Investimentos do Nordeste and Brazil's national development bank. CSN is providing almost a quarter of the funds itself.
The existing rail line in the region has an annual transport capacity of 2 million tonnes.
When the Transnordestina project reaches its full capacity in 2019 that is expected to reach 30 million tonnes of grains, iron ore and minerals, such as gypsum, from the interior of the region each year.
The work involves replacing a meter-gauge network with a dual-gauge network, as well as building a completely new alignment to the railroad in many sections. It will cross 85 cities in the three north eastern states of Ceará, Pernambuco and PiauÃ.
The initiative was first launched 21 years ago, but stalled in 1992 due to lack of funds. Former president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva revived the project in 2006 with the start of work on a 100-km portion between Salgueiro and Missão Velha. In 2009, the main portions of the work were contracted out for construction.
Brazilian construction firm Odebrecht is handling 1,100 km of the project, including almost all of the stretch connecting Eliseu Martins and the port of Suape. The remaining portions are being built by Brazilian firms Andrade Gutierrez and Galvo.
To handle the vast operation in the limited work schedule, Odebrecht divided the project into two phases; the first handling the earth embankment and works related to the construction of bridges, viaducts and culverts, the second phase includes the installation of the railroad itself.
The project requires excavating more than 90 million cubic meters of material, the installation of 1.5 million cubic meters of concrete and more than 3 million concrete beams—sleepers— to support the rails. Odebrecht officials say they expect to lay more than 2.4 km of track a day when operations hit their peak this year.
To support the operation, Odebrecht has built the world's largest factory for fabricating broad gauge sleepers in Salgueiro. It is capable of producing 4,800 sleepers a day. The $115 million facility includes one of the country’s largest crushing plants as well as an extensive rail wielding unit.
Project: Lanzhou-Chongqing Railway
Cost: $11.3 billion
Construction Period: 2008-14
Cost: $11.3 billion
Construction Period: 2008-14
Lanzhou is a city of heavy industry and petrochemicals, located on the south bank of the Yellow River in northwest China. With a population of 2.2 million, it is the capital and largest city in Gansu Province. About 800 kilometers to the south, Chongqing, a manufacturing center on the Yangtze River in Sichuan Province, is one of the largest municipalities in China, with a population of 30 million. The Qinling Mountains sit between the two.
The Lanzhou-Chongqing Railway project will link these two economic hubs with an 832-km double-track rail line. The hilly route through the Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces will require 285 bridges, totaling 104 km, or 13% of the route, and 178 tunnels, covering 506 km, or 63% of the route. Twelve of the tunnels will exceed 10 km in length, with the longest measuring 29 km.
Tunneling crews from two contractors are making steady progress on the 16.6-km-long West Qinling twin tunnels. China Railway Tunnel Group Co. Ltd.’s 18th Bureau is managing the Left Line Tunnel, while China Railway Construction Co. Ltd. is managing the Right Line Tunnel. The contractors did some of the initial tunneling by the drill-and-blast method. Both contractors are using 10.2-meter-dia tunnel-boring machines supplied by The Robbins Co., Solon, Ohio.
According to Robbins’ project manager, Andy Ju, "[The job] is very difficult, especially because major [TBM] components need to be transported to the jobsite through the area severely afflicted by the 2008 earthquake in Sichuan Province. The roads are very remote and prone to washouts in bad weather.” He pointed out that, despite the distance “from shop assembly to the jobsite [being] 800 kilometers, including 300 kilometers of mountain roads, it only took us 10 days for the major parts transportation.”
The project owner, the Lanzhou-Chongqing Railway Co., is a joint venture of the Ministry of Railways, the Gansu and Sichuan provincial governments, and the Chongqing municipal government. The line will have 31 stations and be designed for double-stacked container traffic.
By reducing the current rail route between Lanzhou and Chongqing to 820 km from 1,466 km, the project will cut travel time between the cities to 6.5 hours from 17.5 hours. The entire railway is planned to open to traffic in 2014.
Project: North South Transnational Corridor
Cost: $1.4 billion
Construction period: 2007-2012
Central Asian nations have been slow to establish rail links with their
neighbors to the south for numerous reasons. During the era when the
Central Asian nations were part of the Soviet Union, all their rail
lines headed north to Russia, their major trading partner.Of the five Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan occupies an especially strategic position. Geographically, it lies between China to the east and Russia to the north and west; it also provides a north-south corridor between Europe and the Middle East and southern Asia. Politically, Kazakhstan has maintained good relations with its larger neighbors—Russia, China and Iran—which has involved a skillful balancing act.
The North South Transnational Corridor project aims to be the most direct link for freight shipments from Russia or Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. It will run from the rail junction of Usan in western Kazakhstan in a southerly direction, crossing the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan and linking up with an existing rail line in northern Iran. The line will run for 137 kilometers in Kazakhstan, 470 km in Turkmenistan and 70 km in Iran.
An agreement to build the line was signed by the presidents of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran in 2007. Turkmenistan began construction at Bereket station almost immediately. By July 2010, about 300 km of the line in Turkmenistan was completed; the work was performed by Iranian contractors. Turkmenistan’s effort was primarily financed by the Asian Development Bank. But Kazakhstan has delayed its start, citing financial reasons.
According to the Far News Agency in Iran, the Iranian minister of roads and urban development, Ali Nikzad, announced that the portion of the corridor within Turkmenistan that is being built by Iranian contractors will be completed by the end of 2011. The short link inside Iran, which is being built by the Iranian contractor Pars Enerzhi, will be completed by March 2012.
Once it is completed, the railway is expected to initially transport cotton from Turkmenistan, as well as agricultural products and oil from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, to ports in Iran’s Persian Gulf for export to world markets. The new line will cut 600 km from the current route for shipped cargo from the Central Asian nations to Persian Gulf nations, putting the markets of Iran and the Gulf Arab states within cost-effective reach of, for example, Kazakh food producers.
Ultimately, the railway could shorten by 1,000 km the distance for shipping Chinese cargo to Europe via the Trans-Siberian Railway by routing it over the new rail link and existing lines through Iran and Turkey.
Project: Harbin-Dalian High Speed Railway
Cost: $14.4 billion
Construction period: 2007-11
China’s high-speed-rail building program is a bold commitment to increase passenger-carrying capacity on major routes while simultaneously freeing up other lines for additional freight service.
One of the routes that is nearing completion is the 904-kilometer line linking the major port of Dalian with Harbin, the commercial hub of northeast China.
The project was split into three separate construction contracts. China Railway Group Ltd. built the southernmost section, spanning 377 km from Dalian to Shenyang. China State Construction Engineering Corp. built the central section, from Shenyang to Siping, and China Communications Construction Co. Ltd. built the northern section, from Siping to Harbin. Track work was completed in December 2010. The China Railway Electrification Bureau Group installed the power supply system and signal transmission systems, completing its work in June 2011.
Service was expected to begin in early 2012, but test operations on the line have been postponed due to quality problems, including excessive roadbed settlement near Dalian City. Further, the quality problems are in part allegedly due to corruption. Du Houzhi, the railway’s general manager, was fired in June and is currently under investigation, according to a report by China News Service.
According to the Ministry of Railways, the line is expected to carry 37 million passengers a year by 2020 and 51 million a year by 2030.
Once the high-speed line goes into service, most passenger service will shift to the new line, relieving pressure on the existing Harbin-Dalian railway, the busiest in the region, which transports coal, oil, agricultural products and lumber. According to a report in Xinhua, the existing line will be able to transport an additional 50 million to 60 million tonnes of cargo once the new high-speed line is operating.
ENR has identified ten of the world’s most notable new railway construction projects based on geographic variety and cross-border economic impact.
Project: North-South Railway
Cost: $3.5 billion
Construction period: 2007-2013
Saudi Arabia, though late to adopt rail service, has embarked on an ambitious program that will feature both freight and passenger service.
Its North-South Railway, a 2,400-kilometer-long branching system, will link Saudi Arabia’s northern mineral belt with smelters and a port on the Persian Gulf, enabling the country to better reach export markets. Further, passenger service will connect Riyadh with cities in the north and extend to the Jordanian border.
The construction work has been divided into four phases. The Saudi Binladin Group, the nation’s largest contractor, won the phase-A contract for the 576-km segment linking the bauxite mines at Az Zabirah (recently renamed Al-Beitha) to an aluminum smelter and refining complex at Ras Azzawr (recently renamed Ras Al-Khair). This phase has been completed.
Phase B will be handled by a joint venture of China Railway 18th Bureau and Al Suwaiket Co., which will construct a 440-km section from Az Zabirah (Al-Beitha) junction to the middle of the Al Nafude desert. Construction is under way.
A consortium of Barclay Mowlem of Australia, Mitsui of Japan, and Al Rashed of Saudi Arabia is overseeing phase C, which entails building the northernmost 750-km section, from the middle of Al Nafude to the phosphate mines of Al Jalamid and Al Haditha station on the Jordanian border. This section is expected to be completed by the third quarter of 2012, according to Muhammad Al Mansour, director of marketing for Saudi Railways Organization.
The phase-D contract, for the southernmost segment between Riyadh and Al Qassim, has been awarded to a joint venture composed of China Civil Engineering Construction Corp., Al-Ayuni Trading and Constructing Co. and Al-Omaier Trading and Contracting Co., and is expected to be completed by the first quarter of 2013.
The overall construction will encompass 120 million cu meters of embankment fill and 60 million cu m of excavation.
Project: Emirates Rail Network
Cost: $11 billion
Construction period: 2012-2018Abu Dhabi-based Etihad Rail Co., the government-owned company that is set to build an estimated $11-billion passenger and freight rail network across the United Arab Emirates (UAE), says it will award the project’s first construction contract before the end of the year.
The company is set to select an unspecified number of contractors from at least 10 local and international bidders, according to reported comments by Ehitad Rail CEO Richard Bowker.
He said the bidders were “invited,” the online report said. Contract values also were not disclosed.
The network will mostly be for cargo shipments among ports and industrial centers in the UAE and neighboring Arab nations.
The spokeswoman says the first section wil transport up to 22,000 tons daily of granulated sulphur that are a byproduct of sour gas extraction in the Shah and Habshan gas fields.
but it also will include a commuter line between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, according to reports. Bowker has said that the participating UAE nations are expected to set up a “rail authority” to oversee the system’s projects and possibly others on connecting routes in other countries.
In April, Etihad, formerly Union Railway Co., selected a Parsons Corp.-AECOM joint venture as the project's program manager, according to sources from the U.S. firms who did not wish to be named and published reports in the Middle East.
The joint venture replaced a team of Parsons and Paris-based SYSTRA, whose PM contract was canceled in January, just two months after the railway announced its selection of the firms. Reasons for the termination were not disclosed publicly or to team members.
Etihad also canceled in January a contract for preliminary engineering services awarded last fall to Parsons Brinckerhoff, also with no public statement or explanation to the firm.
The projects include Angola’s Benguela Railway, China’s proposed line in Iran from Tehran west to Khosravi, China’s own Harbin-Dalian High-Speed Rail Line and China’s Lanzhou-Chongqing Rail Line.
Companies such as Skanska and Parsons Brinckerhoff are involved in these projects, which promise to transform much of the developing world.
Project: Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor
Cost: $90 Billion
The Indian Cabinet last month approved the restructuring and financing for the future $90-billion Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, opening the way for forward for the ambitious megaproject planned along a future 1,483-kilometer high-speed-rail freight corridor. India’s rail ministry expects to invite bids this year for $2.2 billion worth of civil engineering contracts for the rail corridor’s first phase. The first seven cities of the 24-city industrial corridor are set for completion in 2018.
The purpose of the equity restructuring, under which 51% of the combined shares of two infrastructure and financing companies will be transferred to government-owned financial firms, is to maintain transparency and avoid conflicts of interest between project participants at a later stage, say sources. As a result of the Sept. 16 government action, the Delhi-
Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corp. (DMICDC), with a 49% share in the industrial corridor project, will become a government company open to government audits.
Plans call for a 1,483-kilometer-long industrial corridor that will run through seven states. In total, there would be nine industrial megazones, each 200-250 sq km, and 24 new cities.
Each zone would be located along the future 1,500-km high-speed freight line that will connect landlocked Delhi—in the north-central section of the subcontinent—southwest to Mumbai on the Arabian Sea. The government has not released any time frame for completion of the overall development.
“The basic objective of the [industrial corridor] is to drive manufacturing. Only then can India hope to keep growing at 9% to 10%, year-on-year,” says Amitabh Kant, CEO and managing director of DMICDC.
Land acquisition will be one of many challenges, say sources. Connecting highways, railways and ports to the new cities will be another, says Kant.
The Challenge of Financing
However, the main challenge will be financing. Unlike China, India will look at public-private partnerships, with part of the funding coming from the private sector. “In this, the government has a major role [because] these new cities [will] cost money,” he says. “The first seven cities that we plan to develop will cost between $8 billion to $15 billion, which is what Dholera, the largest development plan, is likely to cost,” says Kant.
Comprehensive National Rail Network
Cost: $5.6 billion
Construction period: 2008-12 (original estimate)
Libya's civil war has halted an ambitious plan to build an extensive $5.6-billion rail system designed to bolster both passenger and freight service.
The major east-west route would parallel the coast, ultimately stretching 2,300 kilometers from Ras Ejder on the border of Tunisia to Umm Sa’ad on the Egyptian border.
The regime awarded separate contracts to Russian and Chinese contractors to complete certain segments. In 2008, crews from RZD, the Russian state railway, began building the 554-km Surt-to-Benghazi segment, which had been set to include four major stations and 24 minor ones. The owner expected the project to take four years at a cost of $3 billion.
As part of the project, RZD built a rail-welding plant in Ras Lanuf, with a capacity to produce 500 km of long welded rail per year for use in Libya, as well as for export to Russia.
Also in 2008, China Railway Construction Corp. (CRCC) began laying track westward along a 625-km segment from Surt, via Al Khums and Tripoli, to Ras Ejder. The company also has been awarded an 800-km north-south segment, which will be used to transport iron ore from the southern city of Sebha to a steel mill and port at Misratah, when completed, likely this year. CRCC’s contracts are reported to total $2.6 billion.
Work on the system halted in February 2011, when the Libyan rebellion began. According to a Russian news report, RZD evacuated all of its 123 staff employees as well as 700 non-Russian workers. An RZD spokesman confirms that the company is awaiting approval from the new Libyan government to return to the project.
Project: Tehran-Khosravi Rail Link
Cost: $2 billion
China, which wants to create more robust rail corridors across Asia, is offering to build a $2-billion freight rail line in Iran. If continuous railway corridors were in place and, standard-gauge track installed from end to end, containerized freight could travel from China to Europe much more rapidly by rail than it does by ship, the Chinese claim.
In September 2010, Liu Zhijun, China's railway minister, and Hamid Behbahani, Iran’s minister of roads and transportation, signed an agreement that calls for building a 569-kilometer rail line from Tehran west to Khosravi on the Iraqi border.
Starting in Iran's capital city at an elevation of 1,200 meters, the line will ascend through the Zagros Mountains, with stops at Arak (1,718 m) and Hamedan (1,759 m) before descending to Kermanshah (1,350 m) and the border town of Khosravi (390 m). This route will offer a more efficient option than trucking for products being exported to Iraq, such as agricultural products, cement, steel and batteries.
The line also will offer passenger service to many of the 5,000 Shi'ite Iranians who make pilgrimages daily to the Iraq holy cities of Najaf and Karbala.
According to a May article in the Middle East Economic Digest, Iran's Roads and Transportation Ministry has invited contractors to submit bids for the new line.
In the long term, the route holds the promise of connecting with Baghdad and even Syria as part of a Middle Eastern corridor.
Iran and Iraq have never had a rail link. However, Iraq and Syria revived their freight rail link in 2009, and Jordan is currently soliciting bids to build a rail line that will connect the port of Aqaba to Baghdad.
"China is committed to building a railway network in western Iran and Turkey and Central Asia," says Niklas Swanstrom, executive director of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program at Johns Hopkins University. "For China, this is a long term project to link the Middle East to China in a financially constructive way."
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